Sustainability of Digital Formats
Planning for Library of Congress Collections
Sustainability of Digital Formats
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| Introduction | Sustainability Factors | Content Categories | Format Descriptions | Contact | |
| Full name | Graphics Interchange Format, Version 89a (formal name) GIF (common name) |
| Description | A bitmapped image format widely used on the Web. Options include "progressive display" in which the rendering exploits interlaced lines, permitting recognizable images to appear before the whole file has downloaded; and short animations that exploit multiple images and control data within a single file. GIF uses LZW compression and palette-based color (256 or fewer shades). |
| Production phase | Generally used for middle- and final-state (end-user delivery) purposes. |
| Relationship to other formats | |
| Has earlier version | Graphics Interchange Format, version 87a, not documented here |
| Contains | LZW Compression Encoding |
| LC experience or existing holdings | None (or very little) |
| LC preference | TIFF_G4 (for documents) and TIFF_UNC (for documents or pictorial images) are preferred as master images. Future explorations may add J2K_C (JPEG 2000 Part 1, Core Coding System), especially J2K_L_LL (JPEG 2000 Part 1, Core Coding , Lossless Compression) to the Library's list of preferences. |
| Disclosure | Proprietary standard ("open"). Developed by CompuServe Incorporated, Columbus, Ohio. |
| Documentation | Available from more than one third party, e.g., W3C (the World Wide Web Consortium). |
| Adoption | Widely adopted. Many software tools exist for encoding and decoding. Natively supported by Web browsers. |
| Licensing and patent claims | GIF became notorious in 1994, when UniSys began charging fees to license the LZW compression algorithm. Unisys's US patent expired in June 2003, and its European and Japanese patents expired in June 2004. |
| Transparency | Relatively transparent but depends upon algorithms and tools to read. |
| Self-documentation | None |
| External dependencies | None |
| Technical protection considerations | None |
| Normal rendering | Good support. |
| Clarity (support for high image resolution) | Good, within the limits of palette-based color, discussed in the GIF entry in the Wikipedia (as of September 14, 2003). LZW compression is lossless, which supports clarity. |
| Color maintenance | Excellent, since GIF files carry palette information (in terms of RGB values), as internal data. ICC Profile version 4.2.0.0 (Specification ICC.1:2004-10, page 70) provides guidance for embedding ICC profiles in GIF files as Application Extension blocks: "The Application Identifier for an embedded profile shall be the following 8 bytes: 'ICCRGBG1.'" |
| Support for graphic effects and typography | Not applicable. |
| Functionality beyond normal rendering | GIF 89a supports "alpha channel" information relating to the transparency of colors, although not all browsers support this feature. |
| Tag type | Value | Note |
| Filename Extension | gif | |
| Internet Media Type | image/gif | From RFC 2046, Internet Engineering Task Force. |
| Magic numbers | Hex: 47 49 46 38 39 61 ASCII: GIF89a | From Gary Kessler's File Signature Page. Kessler's page also reports a GIF "trailer" as Hex: 00 3B ASCII: . ;. Meanwhile, the JHOVE tool looks for a "GIF terminator (0x00) at end of the content stream." |
| General | According to the Wikipedia (as of September 14, 2003), "'GIF' is often pronounced giff with a hard g (that is, like 'gift' without the final t), but the correct pronunciation as specified by the creators of the file format in the official documentation is jiff with the g prounounced like the g in the word 'giraffe.' Arguments over the proper pronunciation of GIF have become a popular stereotype of computer geek society." |
| History | According to the Wikipedia (as of September 14, 2003), "GIF was introduced in 1987 by CompuServe in order to provide a color image format for their file downloading areas, replacing their earlier RLE format which was black and white only. GIF became popular because it used LZW data compression, which was more efficient than the run-length encoding that formats such as PCX and MacPaint used, and fairly large images could therefore be downloaded in a reasonable amount of time, even with very slow modems. The optional interlacing feature, which stored image scanlines out of order in such a fashion that even a partially downloaded image was somewhat recognizable, also helped GIF's popularity, as a user could abort the download if it was not what was required." The ironically titled "Sad day . . . GIF patent dead at 20" includes a useful chronology compiled by an individual unhappy with Unisys's patent protections as applied to LZW compression. The Wikipedia article also includes information about PNG (a format specifically designed to succeed GIF and to avoid patent problems) and MNG (a variant of PNG that supports animation). PNG was never widely adopted, probably because it arrived coincident with the availability of browser support for JFIF (the file format for JPEG_ENC encoding), and because the LZW US patent was scheduled to expire in 2003. MNG was never directly supported in browsers. |
URLs
• Specification document reproduced at W3C site (http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt)
• Specification document (same) reproduced at a German Web site (http://www.nikis.de/181/gif89a.htm)
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URLs
• Wikipedia GIF entry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF)
• "Sad day . . . GIF patent dead at 20", example of Web page by person unhappy with Unisys patent policy, 1994-2003 (http://www.kyz.uklinux.net/giflzw.php)
• RFC 2046 on MIME Types, Internet Engineering Task Force (http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt)
• Gary Kessler's File Signature Page (http://www.garykessler.net/library/file_sigs.html)
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